Purpose and Effects of Section 4 of Human Rights Act Assignment

Purpose and Effects of Section 4 of Human Rights Act - Assignment Example In the case of primary laws, the right simply accrues upon a finding of incompatibility but in the case of secondary laws, there must be a determination of incompatibility in addition to the requirement that the primary legislation relevant to it prevents its removal. Instances, when the courts used this prerogative, is in the cases of International Transport Roth GMBH and others v Secretary of State for the Home Department and the R (H) v Mental Health Review Tribunal N&E London Region.  In Roth, a group of lorry drivers and haulage companies challenged Part II of the Immigration and Asylum Act for being incompatible with convention rights. The said legislation was passed to answer the flagrant clandestine illegal entry by penalizing, among others, the owner, driver, operator, and hirer with a fine of  £2000. The lower court declared the said provisions of law incompatible with Art 6 of the HRA because it penalizes, in effect, a criminal act despite its claim to the contrary and therefore violates Art 6 because the determination of guilt, among others, is single left to the Secretary of State and Art 1 because of the penalty of vehicle detention involved infringement on property rights. On the other hand, in the R(H) case, the court made a determination of incompatibility against s 73 of the Mental Health Act of 1983 on the ground that it violates Art 5 on the Right to Life and Liberty by placing the burden of proof on the applicant rather than the hospital in showing basis for detention of patient in a mental hospital.  As stated, only certain courts enumerated by s 4 can exercise this prerogative. However, the preceding section of the HRA which requires that both primary and secondary legislation â€Å"must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with Convention rights† does not distinguish which courts are obliged or not. The implication is that although not all courts are given the prerogative to declare incompatibility with conv ention rights, all courts must nevertheless take into consideration the issue of compatibility but apply the national law just the same. The remedy in such cases is an appeal to a higher court with the power to declare such incompatibility.

Acceleration processes Essay Example for Free

Acceleration processes Essay When the bus stops suddenly, the book slides forward off the seat. In the reference frame of the ground, which of the following is correct? a) b) c) d) e) A net force acted on it. No net force acted on it. It remained at rest. It did not move, but only seemed to. Gravity briefly stopped acting on it. 7. Consider a cart on a horizontal frictionless table. Once the cart has been given a push in the x-direction and released, what will happen to the cart? a) b) c) d) e) It slowly comes to a stop. It continues with constant acceleration. It continues with decreasing acceleration. It continues with constant velocity. It immediately comes to a stop. 8. Off to the Races: F v From rest, we step on the gas of our Ferrari, providing a force F for 4s, speeding it up to a final speed v. If the applied force were only 1/2 F, how long would it have to be applied to reach the same final speed? a) 16s b) 8s c) 4s d) 2s e) 1s 9. Two blocks of the same mass are connected by a string and are pulled across a frictionless surface by a constant force. Will the two blocks move with constant velocity? a) Yes, both blocks move with constant velocity. b) No, both blocks move with constant acceleration. ) The two blocks will have different velocities and/or accelerations. 10. Referring to figure in Q9, will the tension in the connecting string be greater than, less than, or equal to the force F ? a) Greater than. b) Less than. c) Equal to. 11. Force and Two Masses: F m1 a1 a2 = 2a1 F m2 F m2 m1 a3 A force F acts on mass m1 giving acceleration a1. The same force acts on a different mass m2 giving acceleration a2 = 2a1. If m1 and m2 are glued together and the same force F acts on this combination, what is the resulting acceleration? a) 3/4 a1 b) 3/2 a1 c) 1/2 a1 d) 4/3 a1 e) 2/3 a1 12. Bowling vs. Ping-Pong I: F12 F21 In outer space, a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball attract each other due to gravitational forces. How do the magnitudes of these attractive forces compare? a) b) c) d) e) The bowling ball exerts a greater force on the ping-pong ball. The ping-pong ball exerts a greater force on the bowling ball. The forces are equal in magnitude. The forces are zero because they cancel out. There are actually no forces at all. 13. Bowling vs. Ping-Pong II: In outer space, gravitational forces exerted by a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball on each other are equal and opposite. How do their accelerations compare? a) b) c) d) e) They do not accelerate because they are weightless. Accelerations are equal, but not opposite. Accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the bowling ball. Accelerations are opposite, but bigger for the ping-pong ball. Accelerations are equal and opposite. 14. A ball tied to a string is being whirled around in a circle. What can you say about the work done by tension? T v a) Tension does no work at all. b) Tension does negative work. c) Tension does positive work. 15. You lift a book with your hand in such a way that it moves up at constant speed. While it is moving, what is the total work done on the book? ?r FHAND v = const a=0 mg a) b) c) d) e) mg ? ?r FHAND ? ?r (FHAND + mg) ? ?r Zero None of the above. 16. Two paths lead to the top of a big hill. One is steep and direct, while the other is twice as long but less steep. How much more potential energy would you gain if you take the longer path? a) b) c) d) e) The same as the short path. Twice as much. Four times as much. Half as much. No PE gained in either case. 17. A hole is drilled through the center of Earth and emerges on the other side. You jump into the hole. What will happen to you? Hint: Inside earth, when you are at a distance r away from the center, the gravitational force on you is just the force due to your body mass and the earth mass of sphere of radius r from the center. ) a) b) c) d) You fall to the center and stop. You go all the way through and continue off into space. You fall to the other side of Earth and then return. You won’t fall at all. 18. A proton and an electron are held apart a distance of 1 m and then released. As they approach each other, what will happen to the force between them? a) It gets bigger. b) It gets smaller. c) It stays the same. 19. Continuing from Q18, which particle has the larger acceleration at any time? a) Proton. b) Electron. c) Both the same. 20. Continuing from Q19, where would they meet? a) In the middle. b) Closer to the electron’s side. c) Closer to the proton’s side. 21. Considering a vibrating pendulum as shown in the figure. i) At which of the above time is the kinetic energy a maximum? ii) At which of the above time is the potential energy a maximum? iii) At which of the above time is kinetic energy being transformed to potential energy? iv) At which of the above time is potential energy being transformed to kinetic energy?

Approaches to Health Inequalities

Approaches to Health Inequalities HEALTH INEQUALITIES AND SOCIAL DIVISIONS Introduction Today, it seems to be an obvious truth that â€Å"social and environmental factors account for a substantial portion of health inequalities between and within countries.†[1] The ubiquitous nature of economic and social inequalities is noted by all scholars.[2] This is a truth that seems well-enough established both in the professional literature and in the consciences of the laity. The questions that occupy scholars’ time, therefore, have centrally to do with what might be done about such health inequalities and whether social divisions are more the causal origins of the inequalities or whether they are the result.[3] As the literature reflects an ongoing investigation into all the matters addressed within this paper, definitive conclusions will have to wait until more is positively settled by the broader research community. But, certainly several pertinent issues can be explored at this time and the ongoing questions raised. The Realities of Inequality, Poverty and Societal Issues As is widely acknowledged, there is a relation between relative poverty and social issues. Regarding social ways in which it is difficult for those in relative poverty to be like others around them, it is often found to be difficult for an impoverished person to â€Å"participate fully in the social life of a community or country,† which will often lead to feelings of powerlessness.[4] Such social issues lead naturally into considerations of health inequality, as those who are impoverished often experience a great lack in education and access to resources normally available to those who are not in a state of relative poverty (e.g., healthcare, clean water, good nutrition, shelter, etc.).[5] It has also been noted that these types of relative health inequalities (i.e., between social groups) may be getting worse.[6] Health Inequalities There are at least two ways in which the discussion of health inequality can be broached. First, there can be shown to exist an inequality in healthfulness between classes. That is, one social group exhibits more health than does another, whatever the causal origin of this may be. Regarding the connection between a lack of healthfulness and social division, it has been noted that â€Å"A social class gradient is most pronounced for long-standing illnesses that limit activity.†[7] That is, such illnesses occur within certain social classes. Second, it is possible to explore the relation between being socially challenged and not having access to healthcare. This latter issue may be the simplest to deal with as the reasons for it are more readily seen. If one simply does not have access to that which will provide him with health, then clearly inequity between his group and those of another will be readily apparent. What Can Be Done about Access to Health? In their editorial, Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin explore some possible responses to such health inequalities. They note that in the past there has been enacted, what might be called a â€Å"Pro-Poor† approach. This takes into account the fact that the poor often simply do not have the means in terms of finance or education to bring it about that they have access to much in the way of health resources or medicine. So, interventionist groups are formed in order to try and ensure that they have some access to medicine and health care. These types of interventionist methods are important, write the authors. But, they are inadequate by themselves. First, they only tend to focus on providing access to one type of group, and this is merely an issue of inequity in unfairness. Second, and perhaps more importantly, they do not attempt to address many of the core reasons why such inequalities arise in the first place, which include â€Å"gender and ethnicity† among other reasons.[ 8] A more comprehensive approach is both necessary and desirable in the effort to combat health inequalities. More must be done to combat the social divisions that exist, both along monetary lines and other ethnic lines.[9] There has been some progress made in a few countries, like Sweden wherein the approach has been comprehensive and on the cooperation between government agencies on high levels. Sweden has developed a national health policy that focuses on what determines health at the â€Å"societal level.† In this model, government agencies work alongside significant social sectors (e.g., education, transportation, environmental protection) and they are all required together to work toward the improving of â€Å"population health and narrowing health equity gaps.†[10] Also, in the United Kingdom recent efforts at accomplishing these same goals have seen success in targeting, not an ethnic or social group, but an age group. That is, collaborative efforts have been engag ed which have targeted mothers of children in early education and child care and have attempted to integrate these services with those of assistance to families and that of general health.[11] More to Be Done on the Research Level In a recent article Stuart Logan asked the hypothetical question of whether research was still important to be carried out in the area of child health inequality.[12] If it is obvious to all, as he argues it is, that â€Å"the relationship between poverty and poor health has been demonstrated so often and for such a wide range of conditions,† then the question naturally arises as to why any such investigative research into the relationship between socioeconomic status and child health should be carried out. Logan believes there are two important reasons that this endeavor is crucial in the overall attempt to overcome health inequalities and social divisions. First, we must continue to advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves, and children are the first that come to mind in this category. Furthermore, there is simply not a â€Å"differential in health outcomes between those who are poor and those who are wealthy.†[13] Secondly, to continue such research may shed light on the crucial area of etiology, which, in medicine, is that branch that attempts to determine the causal origins of disease. An example of this latter would be the putative relation between the age of first pregnancy and the cause of breast cancer later in life.[14] Without further research, this suggestion may remain indefinitely putative. Robert Beaglehole agrees with these reasonable suggestions by Logan. Although everyone seems to know the general truth about health inequalities and a correlation with social distinctions, â€Å"an appropriate response is hampered by our poor understanding of their underlying causes.†[15] This is a difficult reality, but it only seeks to illustrate and support the contentions made by Logan with regard to the specific case of child health inequality. Without the proper amount and type of research to be done, it seems difficult to see how this situation of inequality might be improved. Without knowing the prior causes that lead to various ill effects among some social classes, there would seem to be no good way of making forward progress in this regard. Concluding Thoughts As Beaglehole notes in his book review, health inequalities are plainly offensive. They may be most offensive to those who work in the medical profession who have the know-how and skills necessary to help any and all (if they could only access any and all), but who are frustrated by a lack of governmental efforts to improve the persistent situation involving a lack of health and access to healthcare. Some steps of various governments (notably in Europe) have been taken to improve the situation, as we have explored briefly in this essay. Yet, as the writers of the brief appearing in the World Health Organization note, more strategic planning and (more importantly) implementation on the parts of governments working alongside various other national organizations may go a long way yet toward improving the overall situation of health inequality. Without significant progress in this area, it is likely that social divisions between classes, races, and ethnic groups will persist. Bibliography Beaglehole, Robert. â€Å"The Challenge of Health Inequalities† (book review) in The Lancet, London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60. â€Å"Poverty and Health.† In Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Logan, Stuart. â€Å"Research and Equity in Child Health.† In Pediatrics. Vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003. Vega, Jeanette and Alec Irwin. â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities: New Approaches in Public Policy.† In Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7). 1 Footnotes [1] Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin, â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities: New Approaches in Public Policy,† in Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7). [2] Robert Beaglehole, â€Å"The Challenge of Health Inequalities† (book review) in The Lancet London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60. [3] Or a third alternative is whether they could be reciprocal-mutually contributing to the origin and subsistence of each other over time. [4] â€Å"Poverty and Health,† in Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 665-9. [5] Ibid., p. 665. [6] Robert Beaglehole, â€Å"Health Inequalities,† p. 559. [7] â€Å"Poverty and Health,† p. 665. [8] Vega and Irwin, â€Å"Tackling Health Inequalities,† p. 7. [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Stuart Logan, â€Å"Research and Equity in Child Health,† in Pediatrics, vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003, p. 759. [13] Ibid. [14] Ibid., p. 760. [15] Beaglehole, p. 559.

The Cuban Missile Crisis :: American America History

The Cuban Missile Crisis The world was at the edge of a third world war. This was the result of a variety of things: the Cuban Revolution, the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, US anti-communism, insecurity of the Soviet Union, and Cuba's fear of invasion all made causes for war. However, war was not the result due to great cooperation from both President Kennedy and President Khrushchev and each of the decisions made by the leaders was crucial in the outcome of The Crisis. Kennedy's choice to take action by means of quarantine instead of air-strike and Khrushchev's decision to abide by the quarantines were perhaps the two most significant decisions made by the leaders in order to prevent war. The Cuban Missile Crisis showed the world that compromising and discussion can in-fact prevent war. As Khrushchev said in 1962, "They talk about who won and who lost. Human reason won. Mankind won." 1 The world had almost seen another world war, the effects of which would have been devastating because of the weapons involved. Humanity, indeed, was the prevention of the war. The Cuban Revolution was a background cause to the crisis. On January 1st, 1959 a Marxist regime in Cuba would have seemed unlikely. To the communist party in Cuba, Fidel Castro appeared tempestuous, irresponsible and stubbornly bourgeois. In 1943 President Batista appointed a communist to his Cabinet, as he used communists as leaders of the labor unions. Batista started to fail the Cuban communists and their loyalties transferred gradually to Castro, completely by 1958. On December 1st, 1961 Castro declared himself a Marxist and claimed he had always been a revolutionary, studying Das Kapital of Karl Marx. Most Cubans idolized Castro, supported his government and at least accepted his measures.2 He claimed to have a desire to help the poor and said he would have found it impossible to follow the dictates of a single philosophy. His first action in power was to reduce all rents on the island, making the land owners, many of who were American, unhappy. In 1960 Castro was swiftly pushi ng Cuba to the left, and as a result many Cubans left, along with the American investors. There was so much opposition to Castro's developments that he created a Committee for Defense of the Revolution out of fear of invasion from the US, internal guerrilla uprisings, and black marketing "counterrevolutionary activity".

Member of the wedding notes Essay

Stuck between being to young for adolescence and to old to be a child, the protagonist Frankie Addams, has the desire to be the child and the adult. Within herself she’s confused and lost, her body is to big, yet her mind is broken. Through the journey of Carson McCullers novel The Member of the Wedding, Frankie clenches on to the ridiculous idea of belonging to the wedding and even going off with the honeymooners after. This concept developed by her, is what she believes is a way in which she can develop a sense of belonging. Although this idea preposterous and highly immature it highlights that Frankie wants an adult dream at her young age. Her confused desires between child and adulthood are depicted again, when she almost experiences her first sexual encounter with a solider. Although being inquisitive and interested in what would go on between the two of them and although Frankie enjoyed being treated like an adult, it was all to much for her to handle and she fled from the solider. It is difficult to posses a sense of belonging when we are unsure of our own identity. Why? In having a sense of belonging, one must always have a clear understanding of their identity. This is because the groups we attach ourselves with throughout the journey of life resemble features of our own personality. So when one lacks the knowledge of their own self, in finding somewhere or something to belong to which suites and allows them to be comfortable, it is almost impossible. Evidence Through Carson McCullers novel The Member of the Wedding (1946 ) the confused protagonist Frankie Addams reflects how her own frail understanding of her identity impacts and makes it difficult for Frankie to develop a sense of belonging. This â€Å" unjoined â€Å" from society feeling that the protagonist feels is partly formed from different experiences she endures. From growing too old for sharing a bed with her father to being rejected from the club house for being â€Å" too young â€Å". Frankie’s self perception of her physical aspect also adds to this unsettled identity, as she is entering the stages of puberty and feels as if she is a â€Å" freak â€Å" due to her tall height. With both her experiences and her appearance shattering her identity in to an unsettled state, Frankie finds it difficult to belong to something more then the people she lives with. Leaving the protagonist to clench on to the ridiculous idea of being a member of her brothers wedding. Although this concept that Frankie desires so much, of belonging to a wedding, is preposterous it proves how much of an impact having a weak identity can play it finding a sense of belonging.

Jazz Giants essays

Jazz Giants essays J.J. Johnson was born James Louis in Indianapolis on January 22, 1924. At the age of nine, Johnson became very interested with music thus learning the piano with a church organist. He took further interest in music once he attended Crispus Attucks Senior High school playing the. He started out playing the Bari saxophone being that it was the only instrument available to him. After a short time, he lost much interest in the saxophone and at the age of fourteen he picked up playing the trombone. Johnson then played in the high school band as well as the brass marching band of the YMCA. The 1920s in America was a jazz period classified as the Roaring Twenties or Jazz Age dominated by Bessie Smith, and people at the top such as Duke Ellington. Much of it reflected the Harlem Renaissance. It was a time where jazz began to separate from its roots in ragtime and blues. This new art form went through many periods of change and evolution. Dixieland soon sprang up from the new jazz styles. The development of jazz in Chicago came from New Orleans where, after World War I many musicians left because of the new military port that had been constructed there. It was during this time that the Chicago style was developed and at this point the solo became more prominent in jazz music. J.J. Johnson was considered to be the finest jazz trombonist of all time. Johnson somehow transferred the innovative and exciting styles of Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie to his own instrument. He played with such speed and ease that at one time listeners thought that he was playing on a valve trombone. Also, when Johnson played ballad jazz pieces, his sound was so full and powerful, you would think he was a French horn in a symphonic orchestra. I feel that Johnsons style was vital to this period and periods thereafter because it allows other trombone players to see that it is not impossible to play with the speed ...